Micrornas mirnas mark a new paradigm of rnadirected gene expression regulation in a wide spectrum of biological systems. This will help to reveal the molecular events involved in virushost interactions mediated by mirnas and their evolution in animals. Review epsteinbarr virus encoded micrornas as regulators. Regulation of host epithelial responses to cryptosporidium. Viruses, micrornas, and host interactions rebecca l. Viral micrornas, host micrornas regulating viruses, and.
It is known that the expression profiles of host mirnas can be reshaped by viruses. Although many computational algorithms have been developed for microrna target prediction, few have been designed exclusively to find cellular or viral mrna targets of viral. Cellular versus viral micrornas in hostvirus interaction ncbi. African swine fever virus asfv is the etiological agent of african swine fever asf, a reexpanding devastating and highly lethal hemorrhagic viral disease. Thus far, detection of virusderived mirnas has been largely.
We underscore the need to further explore the complex interactions of rna viruses with host mirnas to augment our understanding of host virus interplay. Conversely, host mirnas may inhibit proliferation of microorganisms by targeting virulence genes or host genes critical to the microorganism. Models of mirnamediated host virus interaction understanding the intricacies of micrornamediated host virus crosstalk would not be possible without a comprehensive view of the entire set of interactions encompassing micrornas encoded by the host, virus, their respective targets and their regulatory mechanisms scaria et al. It is still in dispute if rna viruses could encode mirnas because the excision of. Effects of virusencoded micrornas on viral and cellular transcripts. In addition to the hundreds of conserved cellular mirnas that have been identified, mirnas of viral origin have been isolated and found to modulate both the viral life cycle and the cellular transcriptome. Cellular versus viral micrornas in hostvirus interaction. Micrornas mirnas, which are small noncoding rnas expressed by almost all metazoans, have key roles in the regulation of cell differentiation, organism development and gene expression.
Wed like to understand how you use our websites in order to improve them. Viruses use micrornas to modulate metabolic pathways essential for infection. In the past decade, micrornas mirnas, a group of noncoding small rnas, have emerged as functionally significant regulatory. The most common etiologic agents causing chronic hepatitis are hepatitis c and b viruses hcv and hbv, respectively.
Micrornas mirnas are short noncoding rnas that exert posttranscriptional gene silencing and regulate gene expression. Several effector components, as well as immune cell populations, are involved in mounting an immune response, thereby destroying pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. Cryptosporidium species infect the gastrointestinal epithelium and other mucosal surfaces of vertebrate hosts. Although many computational algorithms have been developed for microrna target prediction, few have been designed exclusively to find cellular or viral mrna targets of viral micrornas in a user. Viruses, micrornas, and host interactions europe pmc. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. They regulate genetic expression either by direct cleavage or by translational repression of the target. In mammals and birds, mirnas are known to play vital parts in both host immune defense and viral infection. In addition to the host 9 snrnas, some microorganisms encode snrnas that affe ct the dynamics of hostpathogen 10 interactions. However, a systematic investigation of marine invertebrate mirnas that respond to virus infection has not yet been performed. Role of micrornas in insect hostmicroorganism interactions. Micrornas mirnas are a number of small noncoding rnas playing a regulatory part in gene expression. Micrornas in the interaction between host and bacterial.
Cullen department of molecular genetics and microbiology and center for virology, duke university medical center, durham, nc 27710. We underscore the need to further explore the complex interactions of rna viruses with host mirnas to augment our understanding of hostvirus interplay. Summary micrornas are recently discovered small endogenous non. Of late, a number of viruses have also been shown to encode for. Q1 discovery of micrornas mirnas and their functions has led to a paradigm shift in our understanding of the regulation of gene expression, adding an extra layer of complexity for the mechanisms of gene expression. Although both pathways are relatively well conserved all the way from plants to invertebrates to mammals, there are important differences between these systems.
Interferon response and virushost interaction in aspect. Downregulation of microrna200 in ebvassociated gastric carcinoma. Interactions between viruses and the host mirna pathway that may have consequences for oncogenesis. Host mirnas in mammalian cells have been shown to play crucial roles in cellular. The role of rnai and micrornas in animal virus replication. The discovery of virus specific mirnas has increased both in number and importance in the past few years. Oct, 2010 viruses, micrornas, and host interactions these regulatory rnas provide a unique level of posttranscriptional gene regulation that modulates a range of fundamental cellular processes. African swine fever virus does not express viral micrornas. An overview of rna virusencoded micrornas exrna full text. These viruses are ds dna viruses and consist of three subfamilies, of which 8 viruses are human specific 3 members of alphaherpesvirinae, 3 of betaherpesvirinae and 2 of. Deregulation of certain mirnas is widely recognized as a robust biomarker for many neoplasms, as well as an important player in tumorigenesis and the establishment of tumoral microenvironments.
Epithelial cells provide the first line of defence against cryptosporidium infection and play a critical role in the initiation, regulation and resolution of both innate and adaptive immune reactions. These small noncoding rnas can contribute to the repertoire of host pathogen interactions during viral infection. One of the most significant recent advances in biomedical research has been the discovery of the. Most of these viruses have dna genomes including the herpes, polyoma, and anello virus families. Chronic infection caused by hcv is considered one of the major causative agents of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. Viruses, micrornas, and host interactions viruses, micrornas, and host interactions skalsky, rebecca l cullen, bryan r. Viruses have also been shown to modulate the levels of host mirnas, mainly through the expression of viral suppressor proteins that antagonize the small rna. Here we focus on a few viral mirnas with welldefined functions.
Present research advances reveal that the complex interaction between viruses and host cells also involves mirnamediated rnasilencing. This volume focuses on virushost cell interactions, cellular genes acquired or modulated by viruses, the pathological effects of these interactions, and therapeutic interventions. The main snrnas produced by the rnai response 8 include short interfering rnas, micrornas and piwiinteracting rnas. Here we discuss our current knowledge of viral mirnas and virally. The human polyoma viruses jcv and bkv establish asymptomatic persistent infection in 65%90% of humans but can cause severe illness under immunosuppressive conditions. Viruses, micrornas, and host interactions oregon health. Several viruses, especially herpesviruses, also encode mirnas, and over 200. Recent reports also throw light into the role of micrornas as critical effectors in the intricate hostpathogen interaction networks.
Hijacking of lipid pathways is common due to the reliance of viruses on lipids. These regulatory rnas provide a unique level of posttranscriptional gene. Dec 15, 2016 on the other hand, this parasite may have developed strategies to modulate host mirna. Todate, a limited number of mirnas have been shown to play a role in the metabolic interactions between viruses and their hosts, but the application of rna sequencing strategies should enable the identification. Characterization of host micrornas that respond to dna virus infection in a crustacean. The closely related microrna mirna and rnai pathways have emerged as important regulators of virushost cell interactions.
Oct 11, 2006 micrornas mirnas are a new class of 1823 nucleotide long noncoding rnas that play critical roles in a wide spectrum of biological processes. Plant micrornas and their role in defense against viruses. Apr 30, 2012 micrornas mirnas are key posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression that are implicated in many processes of eukaryotic cells. Viruses, genes, and cancer 2017 pdf eric hunter unitedvrg. Considering the importance of micrornas mirnas in the regulation of essential processes in plant pathogen interactions, it is not surprising that, while plant mirna sequences counteract viral attack via antiviral rna silencing, viruses in turn have developed antihost defense mechanisms blocking these rna silencing pathways and establish a counterdefense. Aug 20, 2009 micrornas small 22 nucleotide long noncoding endogenous rnas have recently attracted immense attention as critical regulators of gene expression in multicellular eukaryotes, especially in humans.
In this study, we applied highthroughput sequencing technology to. In the past decade, micrornas mirnas, a group of noncoding small rnas, have emerged as functionally. Dictated by basepair complementarity between mirna and a target mrna, mirnas specifically repress posttranscriptional expression of several mrnas. These regulatory rnas provide a unique level of posttranscriptional gene regulation that modulates a range of fundamental cellular processes. The role of micrornas in metabolic interactions between. Micrornas derived from the insect virus hz nv1 promote. Furthermore, viral infection can exert a profound impact on the cellular mirna expression profile, and several rna viruses have been reported to interact directly. In combination with the increasing rate of new hcv infections, the lack of a current vaccine andor an effective treatment for this virus.
Pdf viruses, micrornas, and host interactions researchgate. Identification of virusencoded micrornas in divergent. Evidence suggests that both virus and hosts encode micrornas. Micrornas mirnas are small noncoding regulatory rnas that control essential cellular activities. Prediction of viral microrna precursors based on human. They regulate genetic expression either by direct cleavage or by translational repression of. Jul 17, 2011 virus and host interactions slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Cellular versus viral micrornas in hostvirus interaction nucleic. Several viruses, especially herpesviruses, also encode mirnas, and over 200 viral mirnas. Micrornas mirnas have appeared as important regulators of various biological processes including development, cancer, immunity, and hostmicroorganism interactions. It is still in dispute if rna viruses could encode mirnas because the excision of mirna might.
In plants, mirnas are known to target mostly transcription factors and are implicated in diverse aspects of plant growth and development. The mechanisms by which these viruses evade immune recognition are unknown. A role has been suggested for the mirna pathway in antiviral defense in plants. One likely role of viral mirnas is to foster longterm interactions within the host. Several viruses, especially herpesviruses, also encode mirnas, and over 200 viral mirnas have now been identified.
In these cells, hsur 1 base pairs with the host mirna 27 mir27, leading to mirna degradation in a sequence specific. The cytosolic protein rigi retinoic acidinducible gene i is a sensor of viral rna, and its activation induces the hosts antiviral response. Thousands of mirnas regulating approximately 60 % of the total human genome have been identified. Survey and summary cellular versus viral micrornas in host. Micrornas mirnas regulate gene expression by binding to mrna transcripts in various biological processes. For example, viruses such as herpes simplex virus 1 and kaposis sarcomaassociated herpes virus encode mirnas that could target host or viral mrna to regulate various stages of viral life cycles. Indepth profiling and analysis of host and viral micrornas. Micrornas are a class of small noncoding rnas that act as major posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. These small noncoding rnas can contribute to the repertoire of hostpathogen interactions during viral infection. Therefore, virusencoded mirnas are important tools for viruses in the battle with their hosts.
When cell is infected with virus, the cellular mirnas expression may be changed and affect both host and viral gene expression. Micrornas mirnas are key posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression that are implicated in many processes of eukaryotic cells. Aug 15, 2011 micrornas mirnas have appeared as important regulators of various biological processes including development, cancer, immunity, and hostmicroorganism interactions. In the current version, virbase documents 12 247 ncrnaassociated virusvirus, virushost, hostvirus and hosthost interactions in viral infection including 11 816 experimental interactions and 431 predicted interactions, involving 462 nonredundant ncrnas and 4463 proteincoding genes from 61 viruses and 24 hosts. Micrornas small 22 nucleotide long noncoding endogenous rnas have recently attracted immense attention as critical regulators of gene expression in multicellular eukaryotes, especially in humans. Since they employ host gene expression machinery to execute their genetic programs, it is no surprise that dna viruses also encode mirnas.
Micrornas mirnas are a new class of 1823 nucleotide long noncoding rnas that play critical roles in a wide spectrum of biological processes. Implications of micrornas in oncolytic virotherapy frontiers. Virushost interactions highlight key regulatory steps in the control of gene expression. The majority of studies have concentrated on the role of mirnas in hostvirus interactions, predominantly in viruses that infect vertebrates. Micrornas mirnas are an abundant class of small noncoding rna molecules 22 nt that can repress gene expression. Host mirnas directly improve rna virus replication. The small size of viral genomes, and the high degree of understanding of the functions of their gene products, make them particularly favorable systems for the examination of mirna biogenesis and function. In these cells, hsur 1 base pairs with the host mirna 27 mir27, leading to mirna degradation in a sequencespecific. Human micrornas profiling in response to influenza a viruses. They are currently recognized for their important role in the intricate interaction between host and bacterial pathogens, either as part of the host immune response to neutralize infection, or as a molecular strategy employed by bacteria to hijack host pathways for their own benefit. Viruses, micrornas, and host interactions ncbi nih. Jun 26, 2009 instead of altering host mirna expression, viruses could use an alternative mechanism involving mirnamediated host pathogen interactions.
Given that the fate of mirnabound mrnas is translational repression andor degradation, one would predict that rna viruses would evolve to avoid mirnatargeting altogether. This interplay has important consequences, both for the virus and the host. Both cellular and virus encoded mirnas play important roles in virushost interactions. Micrornas derived from the insect virus hz nv1 promote lytic. Accumulating evidence demonstrates the differential expression of host mirnas upon infection by various microorganisms and the involvement of microorganismencoded mirnas in host manipulation. Micrornas mirnas are small noncoding rnas which play important roles in cellular process including response to viral infection. Here we show that a viral mirna identical in sequence between jcv and bkv targets the stressinduced ligand ulbp3, which is a protein. Survey and summary cellular versus viral micrornas in. The downregulation of specific mirnas in tumors has been exploited as a. An inflammatory response is essential for combating invading pathogens. Biological regulators in pathogen host interactions. However, in lower vertebrates such as teleost, systematic investigations on host and viral mirnas are lacking. Virushost interactions methods and protocols susanne m. Interferoninduced micrornas target host metabolism to counteract infection.
Here we report that hiv1 mrna interacts with risc proteins and that. Regulatory role of cellular and viral micrornas in insect. Many virusencoded mirnas have been found, which manifests that viruses as well apply the basic pattern of gene regulation, however, mostly in viruses transcribed from doublestranded dna genomes. This sets up a complex web of potential regulatory interactions. Some viruses have been reported to transcribe micrornas, implying complex relationships between the host and the pathogen at the posttranscriptional level through micrornas in virusinfected cells.
Is host mirna targeting of viral rnas truly a bona fide mechanism of innate antiviral immunity. Several chapters specifically address the role of viruses and genes such as oncogenes, protooncogenes, or tumor suppressor genes in the etiology of human. Cellular microrna and p bodies modulate hosthiv1 interactions. Abstractmicrornas mirnas can exert a profound effect on hepatitis c virus hcv replication. Recent studies have proved that viruses also express micrornas, which are thought to contribute to the intricate mechanisms of hostpathogen interactions. Interferon response and virushost interaction in aspect of. Aug 26, 2019 this volume focuses on virushost cell interactions, cellular genes acquired or modulated by viruses, the pathological effects of these interactions, and therapeutic interventions. Expression and function of micrornas in viruses great and small. During latent infection, several micrornas mirnas are. Adenoviruses express two structured 160 nt rna pol iii transcripts vai and vaii that are produced at high levels 108 copiescell during infection. Some of the mechanisms by which viruses can evade host defenses are illustrated in table 8 adapted from.
Considerably less is known about the effect of bacterial pathogens on host mirna expression, as well as the reciprocal effect, i. N2 one of the most significant recent advances in biomedical research has been the discovery of the. Recent studies have proved that viruses also express micrornas, which are thought to contribute to the intricate mechanisms of host pathogen interactions. Micrornas are involved in metabolic reprogramming during viral infection. However, some retroviruses including the delta retrovirus bovine leukemia virus blv and foamy retroviruses also encode mirnas 21,33. Many viruses use these regulators to help infect host cells and maintain their presence in those cells. Dec, 2018 heliothis zea nudivirus1 hznv1 is an insect virus that can induce both lytic and latent infections in various insect cell lines. Characterization of host micrornas that respond to dna virus. In the hideandseek game between the pathogens and the infected host, viruses have evolved highly sophisticated genesilencing mechanisms to evade hostimmune response. In silico analysis of human micrornas targeting influenza a viruses subtype. In the submit page, virbase invites users to submit novel virushost ncrnaassociated interactions. Virusinduced immunosuppression is major concern in vaccine development. Currently most mirnas, their locations and functions were shown in herpesviruses. Shinozaki a, sakatani t, ushiku t, hino r, isogai m, ishikawa s, et al.
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